Why is it so hard, to solve the problems that constanly plauge society ? Are the methods that we use such as political systems, parties, economic systems, working ? The answer is a resounding NO ! Why ?
First lets define a few terms .
1. Heuristic: Judgement and decision making
In psychology, heuristics are simple, efficient rules, learned or hard-coded by evolutionary processes, that have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information. These rules work well under most circumstances, but in certain cases lead to systematic errors or cognitive biases.
Although much of the work of discovering heuristics in human decision-makers was done by the Israeli psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman the concept was originally introduced by Nobel laureate Herbert A. Simon. Simon’s original, primary object of research was problem solving, showed that we operate within what he calls bounded rationality. He coined the term to satisfice, which denotes the situation where people seek solutions or accept choices or judgments that are ‘good enough’ for their purposes, but could be optimized.
Theorized psychological heuristics
Well known
Anchoring and adjustment
Describes the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the “anchor”) when making decisions.
Availability heuristic
A mental shortcut that occurs when people make judgments about the probability of events by the ease with which examples come to mind.
Representativeness heuristic
A mental shortcut used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty.
Naïve diversification
When asked to make several choices at once, people tend to diversify more than when making the same type of decision sequentially.
Escalation of commitment
Describes the phenomenon where people justify increased investment in a decision, based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the cost, starting today, of continuing the decision outweighs the expected benefit.
Familiarity heuristic
A mental shortcut applied to various situations in which individuals assume that the circumstances underlying the past behavior still hold true for the present situation and that the past behavior thus can be correctly applied to the new situation. Especially prevalent when the individual experiences a high cognitive load.
Affect heuristic : Advertisers rely heavily on this heuristic.
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